allow characterization without the installation of monitoring wells (Photo 1.0b).

One of the important advantages of gathering real-time character-
ization is that the characterization and remediation activities can be modified in response to these data, avoiding standby costs, and additional phases of unnecessary characterization (Photo 1.0c). This allows a prompt definition of re-
medial alternatives and should ultimately result in the site being cleaned up earlier. The remedial alternatives can be focused be-
cause of the improved data, which will result in lower costs in the re-
medial process (Photo 1.0d).

Innovative sensors (Photo 1.0e), samplers, and real-time analytical measurement technologies that have been developed include depth discrete water, sediment, and gas samplers (SEAMIST, arrayed sampler, membrane sam-
pler, etc.); fiber optic sensors; groundwater flow sensors (thermal and microphotographic); real-time field analytical equipment (ITMS, Halosnif, PAWS) (Photo 1.0f); and seismic and resistivity crosshole tomography.

The mobile cone penetrometer (Photo 1.0g), capable of rapidly penetrating the ground for collect-
ion of real-time geologic, geo-
physical, and geochemical data,