Introduction

DOE provides a range of programs and services to assist universities, industry, and other private-sector organizations and individuals in-
terested in developing or applying environmental technologies (Photo C.1). Working with DOE Operations Offices and manage-
ment and operating contractors, EM uses conventional and innova-
tive mechanisms to identify, inte-
grate, develop, and adapt promis-
ing emerging technologies. These mechanisms include contracting and collaborative arrangements, procurement provisions, licensing of technology, consulting arrange-
ments, reimbursable work for in-
dustry, and special consideration for small business.

Cooperative Research and Development Agreements

EM will facilitate the development of subcontracts, R&D contracts, and cooperative agreements to work collaboratively with the private sector (Photo C.2). EM uses Cooperative Research and Devel-
opment Agreements (CRADAs) as an incentive for collaborative R&D. CRADAs are agreements between a DOE R&D laboratory and any non-federal source to conduct co-
operative R&D that is consistent with the laboratory's mission. The partner may provide funds, facil-
ities, people, or other resources. DOE provides the CRADA partner access to facilities and expertise; how-ever, no federal funds are provided to external participants.